Which example does NOT illustrate work being done on an object?

In the context of physics, work is defined as the process of transferring energy through a force acting on an object over a distance. For work to be done on an object, two conditions must be met: a force must be applied, and the object must move in the direction of the applied force.

In the scenario where a runner is pushing against a large tree, although the runner exerts a force on the tree, the tree does not move in response to that force. Because there is no displacement of the tree, no work is done on it despite the force applied by the runner. This demonstrates that work requires not only the application of force but also movement of the object in the direction of that force.

In contrast, the other scenarios involve actions that result in movement. When a child lifts a book off a table, work is done because the force applied to lift the book moves it vertically. Similarly, when a person pulls a wagon or a dog pushes a ball, both actions involve force being applied in a direction that results in displacement, thereby meeting the criteria for work being done.